white lotus rebellion

", Dai, Yingcong. . Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. }, Page last modified: Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. [6] They are not like some external tribe . "White Lotus Rebellion The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Inventions One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). XIX Century Civil Wars. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebels are all our own subjects. He simply and quietly disappeared. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Imperial Mistakes She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. (February 22, 2023). in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. . It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Updates? The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Encyclopedia.com. [CDATA[ White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. . "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. 12 talking about this. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing.

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